Material Apoio

Textos, slides e material suplementar, por tema de aula.

O material suplementar não é uma lista completa de tópicos ou literatura sobre o assunto, mas uma coletânea parcial, pessoal e passional feita pelos professores.

À medida que a disciplina avança, incluiremos referências para artigos, livros, pessoas e sites que se mostrem importantes nas discussões e aulas teóricas.

<WRAP important round> Para cada tema há os seguintes textos:

• Introdutórios: leitura obrigatória antes da primeira aula de cada tema, seja discussão, seja exercício.
• Para Discussão: leitura obrigatória antes das aulas de discussão sobre cada tema.
• Suplementares: leitura opcional, para aprofundar-se no tema.

</WRAP>

• Robert Root-Bernstein, 2008. I don't know. In: de Vitek, W., & Jackson, W. eds. The virtues of ignorance: complexity, sustainability, and the limits of knowledge.

• Werner, E.E. 1998. Ecological experiments and a research program in community ecology. pp 3-27 In: Resetarits B. & J. Bernardo. Experimental ecology: issues and perspectives. Oxford University Press.

• Roughgarden J. 2009. Is there a general theory of community ecology? Biology and Philosophy 224:521–529

• Palestra 1 - Introdução e histórico de Ecologia de Comunidades

• Levin, S. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73:1943-1967.
• Scheiner, S. 2013. The ecological literature, an idea-free distribution. Ecology Letters 16: 1421–1423. Belo editorial sobre a falta de teoria nos artigos de ecologia.
• Fawcett, T.W. and Higginson, A.D., 2012. Heavy use of equations impedes communication among biologists. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(29): 11735-11739. Como a aversão à matemática impede a interação entre teoria e empiria. Veja também o debate resultante.
• Outros artigos sobre as diferentes vertentes na ecologia de comunidades:
  • El-Hani, C.N. 2006. Generalizações Ecológicas. Oecologia Australis 10 (1). Uma revisão abrangente e profunda sobre o estado da teoria em ecologia, feita por um biólogo com sólida formação em filosofia da ciência.
  • Austin, M.P. 1999. A silent clash of paradigms: some inconsistencies in community ecology. Oikos 86: 170-179.

• Mechanistic of phenomelogical? boa dicussão por Brian McGill, no blog Dynamic Ecology.
• The value of mechanistic models: outro post claro e provocativo sobre modelos mecanísticos, do blog The art of modelling.
• A fight for the soul of science:de como uma teoria mecanicista na física está provocando um debate sobre a relação entre empiria e teoria.

• How school kills creativity, uma palestra do educador Ken Robinson no TED.
• Top 10 talks on education at TED, uma seleção de Ken Robinson.
• How science really works: grupo da Universidade de Berkeley propõe uma concepção menos linear da criação de conhecimento.

• Site do grupo de pesquisa
• Vídeo de entrevista sobre matemática na biologia. Da ótima série de vídeos do National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Syntesis.

• Schoener, T.W. Ecological niche. Cap. I.1, The Princeton Guide to Ecology.

• Connell J.H. 1961. The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology 42(4): 710-723.

• Godoy, O., Kraft, N. J., & Levine, J. M. (2014). Phylogenetic relatedness and the determinants of competitive outcomes. Ecology letters 17(7): 836-844.

• Palestra 2 - competição, nicho e estrutura de comunidades

• A referência básica sobre nichos: Jonathan M. Chase and Mathew A. Leibold, 2003. Ecological Niches: Linking Classical and Contemporary Approaches. Chicago University Press.
  • site do livro

• O fantasma da competição passada: J.H. Connell, Diversity and the coevolution of competitors, or the ghost of competition past. Oikos 35 (1980), pp. 131–138.

• Grinnell, Joseph. 1917. The niche-relationships of the California Thrasher. The Auk 34:427-433.

• Odling-Smee, F.J., Laland, K.N. and Feldman, M.W., 2003. Niche construction: the neglected process in evolution (No. 37). Princeton University Press. . Veja também o site dos autores da idéia (http://www.nicheconstruction.com/, com vários links interessantes.

• Biogeography, Changing Climate and Niche Evolution Sackler Colloquium. PNAS vol. 106, suplemento. Série de artigos sobre evolução de nichos e sua relação com distribuições geográficas.

• Wilson, W.G., Lundberg, P., Vazquez, D.P., Shurin, J.B., Smith, M.D., Langford, W., Gross, K.L. and Mittelbach, G.G., 2003. Biodiversity and species interactions: extending Lotka–Volterra community theory. Ecology Letters, 6(10): 944-952.

• Tilman, D., 1982. Resource competition and community structure. Princeton University Press. A referência clássica para modelos mecanísticos de competição (com recurso explícito).

• Hutchinson, G.E. 1957. Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 22: 415–427.

• Hutchinson, G.E. 1959. Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why Are There So Many Kinds of Animals? The American Naturalist 93:145-159.
  • Uma crítica feroz e datada: Lewin, R. 1983. Santa Rosalia was a goat. Science 221: 636-639. pdf

• George Evelyn Hutchinson: 20 th-century ecologist. LB SLOBODKIN, NG SLACK Endeavour 23:11, 24-30, Elsevier Science, 1999. (Inclui a árvore de descendentes intelectuais de Hutchinson).

• Chesson, P., 2000. Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annual review of Ecology and Systematics, pp.343-366.
• Chesson, P., 2000. General theory of competitive coexistence in spatially-varying environments. Theoretical population biology, 58(3), pp.211-237.
• Adler P.B., Hillerislambers, J. & Levine, J.M. 2007. A niche for neutrality. Ecology Letters, 10:95-104.
• HilleRisLambers, J., Adler, P. B., Harpole, W. S., Levine, J. M., & Mayfield, M. M. (2012). Rethinking community assembly through the lens of coexistence theory. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 43(1), 227.
• The Chesson Lab

• Webb, C. O., Ackerly, D. D., McPeek, M. A., & Donoghue, M. J. (2002). Phylogenies and community ecology. Annual review of ecology and systematics, 475-505.
• Losos, J.B., 2008. Phylogenetic niche conservatism, phylogenetic signal and the relationship between phylogenetic relatedness and ecological similarity among species. Ecology letters, 11(10), pp.995-1003. Esclarece a diferença entre conservação de nicho e sinal filogenético de nicho.

• Lozier, J. D., Aniello, P., & Hickerson, M. J. (2009). Predicting the distribution of Sasquatch in western North America: anything goes with ecological niche modelling. Journal of Biogeography, 36(9), 1623-1627.

• Holt, R.D. Predation and community organization. Cap. III.3, The Princeton Guide to Ecology.

• Lubchenco, J. (1978). Plant species diversity in a marine intertidal community: importance of herbivore food preference and algal competitive abilities. American Naturalist, 23-39.
• Peacor S.D., Werner E.E. 2001. The contribution of trait-mediated indirect effects to the net effects of a predator. PNAS 98: 3904-3908

• Palestra 3 - predação e estrutura de comunidades

• Schmitz O.J. Indirect Effects in Communities and Ecosystems: The Role of Trophic and Nontrophic Interactions. Cap. III.5, .
• Werner, E.E. and Peacor, S.D., 2003. A review of trait-mediated indirect interactions in ecological communities. Ecology, 84(5), pp.1083-1100.
• Estes J.A. et al. 2011. Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth. Science 333: 301-306.
• Ohgushi, T., Schmitz, O., & Holt, R. D. (Eds.). (2012). Trait-mediated indirect interactions: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
• Schmitz, O.J., Krivan, V. and Ovadia, O., 2004. Trophic cascades: the primacy of trait‐mediated indirect interactions. Ecology Letters, 7(2), pp.153-163.
• Terborgh J. & Estes J.A. 2010. Trophic Cascades: Predators, Prey, and the Changing Dynamics of Nature. Island Press.

• Relyea, R.A. and Auld, J.R., 2004. Having the guts to compete: how intestinal plasticity explains costs of inducible defences. Ecology Letters, 7(9), pp.869-875.
• Relyea, R.A., 2001. Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators. Ecology, 82(2), pp.523-540.

• Huffaker, C.B. 1958. Experimental studies on predation: dispersion factors and predator-prey oscillations. Hilgardia, 27, 343–383.
• Huffaker, C.B., Herman, S.G. and Shea, K.P., 1963. Experimental studies on predation: complex dispersion and levels of food in an acarine predator-prey interaction. University of Calif.
• Huffaker's balancing act: clip de animação do projeto Ecomotion.

• Paine, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100: 65-75.
• Paine, R.T., 1980. Food webs: linkage, interaction strength and community infrastructure. Journal of animal ecology, 49(3), pp.667-685.
  • Life of every color and kind, animação sobre o trabalho pioneiro de Paine. Do projeto Ecomotion.

• Holt, R.D., 1977. Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities. Theoretical population biology, 12(2), pp.197-229.

• Hipótese do mundo verde:
  • Hairston N G, Smith F E & Slobodkin L B. Community structure, population control, and competition. Amer. Naturalist 94:421-5, 1960.
  • Sherrat T.M. & Wilikinson D.N. 2009. Why the world is green? Cap.7 in Big Questions in Ecology and Evolution. Ótima revisão, com hipóteses alternativas e boa crítica à ideia original.
  • Cilp de animação sobre a hipótese do mundo verde, do projeto Ecomotion.

• J. H. Lawton and S. McNeill, “Between the devil and the deep blue sea: on the problem of being a herbivore,” in Population Dynamics, R. M. Anderson, B. D. Turner, and L. R. Taylor, Eds., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, 1979.. Clássico sobre a importância de controle top-down e bottom-up em comunidades de herbívoros.

• Wikipedia
• Depoimento para a série Conservation Talks.
• Lubchenco/Meng Lab
• Compass: fundação criada por Jane Lubchenco e colegas para fomentar o maior engajamento de cientistas nas políticas ambientais.
  • Smith, B., Baron, N., English, C., Galindo, H., Goldman, E., McLeod, K., Miner, M. and Neeley, E., 2013. COMPASS: navigating the rules of scientific engagement. PLoS Biol, 11(4), p.e1001552.
• Lubchenco, J. 1998. Entering the century of the environment: a new social contract for science. Science 279: 491–497. Sua tese sobre a responsabilidade social da ciência.
• Lubchenco, J., & Menge, B. A. (1993). Split positions can provide a sane career track: A personal account. Bioscience, 243-248.. Sobre o contrato pioneiro que ela e seu marido Bruce Menge propuseram à Oregon State University.

• Daniel Blumstein criou esta linha de pesquisa que, entre outras coisas, chama a atenção sobre como a evolução de respostas comportamentais de presas pode ser um problema para a sua conservação.

• McCann, K. S. The structure and stability of food webs. Cap. III.7, Princeton Guide to Ecology.

• May, R.M. 1972. Will a large complex system be stable? Nature, 238, 413-414. . O artigo clássico que estabeleceu o conceito de equilíbrio de redes tróficas como solução de um sistema de equações de Lotka-Volterra. Vale apena rastrear as citações na Web of Science.

• May, R.M. 2001. Stability and complexity in model ecosystems. Princeton Univ Press.. Nesta influente monografia Robert May desenvolve as idéias do artigo de 1972. A primeira edição é de 1973, e o livro foi re-editado na coleção Princeton Landmarks of Biology em 2001.

• Biografia de Robert May, Barão de Oxford, no site da Oxford University.

• Tregonning, K. & Roberts, A.P. 1979. Complex systems which evolve towards homeostasis. Nature 281: 563-564.. Um contraponto subestimado ao artigo clássico a May (1972).

• Yodzis, P. 1980. The connectance of real ecosystems. Nature, 284, 544-545 . Um dos testes empíricos clássicos da relação negativa entre estabilidade e diversidade.

• Allesina, S. & Pascual M. 2007. Network structure, predator–prey modules, and stability in large food webs. Theoretical Ecology, 1(1), 55-64.

• Allesina, S. & Tang, S. Stability criteria for complex ecosystems.Nature 483, 205–208. Generalização das condições de equilíbrio deduzidas por May (1972).

• Allesina, S. & Tang, S. 2015. The stability–complexity relationship at age 40: a random matrix perspective. Population ecology 57: 63-75.

• McCann, K. S. 2000. The diversity-stability debate. Nature, 405(6783), 228-33.. Uma abordagem mais abrangente das relações entre complexidade e estabilidade.

• Scheffer, M. 2009. Alternative Stable States. In: Critical Transitions in Nature and Society, Chapter II, pp. 11-36, Princenton University Press.

• Blindow I. et al. 1993. Long-term pattern of alternative stable states in two shallow eutrophic lakes. Freshwater Biology 30: 159-167.

• Persson et al. 2007. Culling prey promotes predator recovery — alternative states in a whole-lake experiment. Science 316: 1743-1746., Supporting online material.

• Palestra 4 - Resiliência e estados múltiplos

• Lewontin, RC. 1969. The meaning of stability. Brookhaven Symp Biol 22:13–23.

• Holling C.S. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4: 1-23.
• May, R.M. 1977. Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states. Nature 269: 471-477.

• Scheffer, M. 2009. Critical Transitions in Nature and Society. Princeton Univ. Press.

• Scheffer, M. et al. 2001. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413: 591-596.

• Beisner, B.E. et al. 2003. Alternative stable states in ecology. Front. Ecol. Environ. 1: 376–382.

• Elmqvist et al. 2003. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment1: 488–494.

• Folke, C. et al. 2004. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35: 557–81.

• Grimm, V. & Wissel, C. 1997. Babel, or the ecological stability discussions: an inventory and analysis of terminology and a guide for avoiding confusion. Oecologia 109: 323–334.
• Staver et al. 2011. The Global Extent and Determinants of Savanna and Forest as Alternative Biome States.

• Peterson, G. et al. 1998. Ecological Resilience,Biodiversity, and Scale. Ecosystems 1: 6–18.

• Scheffer, M. et al. 2009. Early-warning signals for critical transitions. Nature 461: 53-59.

• Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S.R., Lenton, T.M., Bascompte, J., Brock, W., Dakos, V., et al. (2012). Anticipating Critical Transitions. Science, 338, 344–348.

• Schröder, A. et al. 2005. Direct experimental evidence for alternative stable states: a review. Oikos 110: 3-19.

• van Nes, E.H. & Scheffer, M. 2004. Large species shifts triggered by small forces. Am. Nat. 164: 255-266.

• Walker, B. et al. 2004. Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability in Social–ecological Systems. Ecology and Society 9:5.

• Pardini et al. 2010. Beyond the fragmentation threshold hypothesis: regime shifts in biodiversity across fragmented landscapes.PLoS ONE 5 e13666

• Hirota et al. 2011. Global resilience of tropical forest and savanna to critical transitions. Science 334: 232-235.

• E.C. Zeeman, Catastrophe Theory, Scientific American, April 1976; pp. 65–70, 75–83.

• Lansing, J.S., 2003. Complex adaptive systems. Annual review of anthropology, pp.183-204.

• Dakos, V., Carpenter, S. R., Brock, W. A., Ellison, A. M., Guttal, V., Ives, A. R., … & Scheffer, M. (2012). Methods for detecting early warnings of critical transitions in time series illustrated using simulated ecological data. PloS one, 7(7), e41010.

• Site
• de Roos, A.M. and Persson, L., 2013. Population and community ecology of ontogenetic development. Princeton University Press.

• Resilience Alliance
• Early warnings toolbox

• Gotelli, N.J. 2007 Ecologia. Cap. 7 - Biogeografia de ilhas. Pp. 159-181. Ed. Planta. .

• Simberloff, D. & Wilson, E. 1969. Experimental zoogeography of islands: the colonization of empty islands Ecology, Ecology 50: 278-296

• Alonso, D., Pinyol‐Gallemí, A., Alcoverro, T., & Arthur, R. 2015. Fish community reassembly after a coral mass mortality: higher trophic groups are subject to increased rates of extinction. Ecology letters, 18(5), 451-461.

<WRAP center round important 75%> Wilson, E. O., & Simberloff, D. S. (1969). Experimental zoogeography of islands: defaunation and monitoring techniques. Ecology, 267-278.. Descrição detalhada do experimento de defaunação. Mesmo uma leitura rápida ajudará muito a discussão. </WRAP>

• MacArthur, R.M. & Wilson, E.O. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton Univ. Press.
• Revisão recente sobre a história e estado da arte da teoria. Essencial para quem quiser se aprofundar:
  • Losos, J. & Ricklefs, R. (Eds.) The Theory of Island Biogeography Revisited. Princenton University Press.
• Island Biogeography Special Issue do Journal of Biogeography. “The papers featured in this virtual issue illustrate the breadth and vitality of recent advances in island biogeography. ”
• Wilson, Edward O. Naturalist. Island Press, 2006.

• Tjørve, E. (2009). Shapes and functions of species–area curves (II): a review of new models and parameterizations. Journal of Biogeography 36: 1435-1445..
• Dengler, J. (2009). Which function describes the species–area relationship best? A review and empirical evaluation. Journal of Biogeography 36, 728–744.

• Alonso, D., R. S. Etienne, and A. J. Mckane 2006. The merits of neutral theory. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21: 451-457.
• Harpole, W. (2010) Neutral Theory of Species Diversity. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):60

• Hubbell, S.P. 1979. Tree dispersion, abundance, and diversity in a tropical dry forest. Science 203: 1299-1309.

• Levine, J. M., & HilleRisLambers, J. (2009). The importance of niches for the maintenance of species diversity. Nature, 461(7261), 254-257.

• Kendall, D.G. 1948. On the Generalized “Birth-and-Death” Process. Ann. Math. Statist. 19: 1-15. artigo completo na página do Projeto Euclides.

• Ewens, W. J. (1972). The sampling theory of selectively neutral alleles. Theoretical Population Biology 3 (1), 87-112.

• Caswell, H. 1976. Community structure: a neutral model analysis. Ecological Monographs 46: 327-354.

• Excelente livro básico sobre modelos estocásticos. Há um exemplar na biblioteca do IB. O capítulo 2 cobre os modelos básicos de deriva em populações:
  • Renshaw, E. 1991. Modelling biological populations in space and time Cambridge University Press.

• O livro (referência básica, mas nem sempre didática quanto ao modelo):
  • Hubbell, S.P. (2001). The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton University Press.

• Hubbell, S. P. (2005). Neutral theory in community ecology and the hypothesis of functional equivalence. Functional ecology, 19(1), 166-172. Artigo em que Hubbel rebate críticas sobre a premissa de equivalência ecológicas.

• Harpole, W. (2010) Neutral Theory of Species Diversity. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):60, apresentação básica para graduandos, do projeto Scitable.

• Um pacote em R para simulação e ajuste dos modelos de distribuição de espécies previstos pela teoria. A introdução é uma excelente explicação da teoria:
  • Hankin, R. 2007. Introducing untb, an R Package For Simulating Ecological Drift Under the Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity. Journal of Statistical Software 22: 12 http://www.jstatsoft.org/v22/i12/.

• Rosindell, J., Hubbell, S. P. & Etienne, R. S. 2011. The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography at Age Ten. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26:340-348. . Ótima revisão sobre o tema e seu impacto.

• Chave, J. Competition, Neutrality, and Community Organization. Cap. III.2, The Princeton Guide to Ecology.

• Tilman, D., 2004. Niche tradeoffs, neutrality, and community structure: a stochastic theory of resource competition, invasion, and community assembly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(30), pp.10854-10861.
• Gravel, D., Canham, C.D., Beaudet, M. and Messier, C., 2006. Reconciling niche and neutrality: the continuum hypothesis. Ecology letters, 9(4), pp.399-409.
• Scheffer, M. and van Nes, E.H., 2006. Self-organized similarity, the evolutionary emergence of groups of similar species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(16), pp.6230-6235.
• Rosindell, J., Cornell, S.J., Hubbell, S.P. and Etienne, R.S., 2010. Protracted speciation revitalizes the neutral theory of biodiversity. Ecology Letters, 13(6), pp.716-727.

• Página na internet
• Blog de Jeremy Fox, para o qual colabora.

• Uma boa revisão da evidência empírica até a época, com comparações com outros modelos neutros: Brian J. McGill, Brian A. Maurer, Michael D. Weiser (2006) EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF NEUTRAL THEORY. Ecology: Vol. 87, No. 6, pp. 1411-1423.

• Connell, J. H., 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199: 1302-1310.
  • Comentário de Connell sobre o impacto deste artigo, em seu ensaio para a Citation Classics Library da ISI.

• Scheffer, M., van Nes, E. H., April 2006. Self-organized similarity, the evolutionary emergence of groups of similar species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (16), 6230-6235. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/16/6230.long

• Adler P.B., Hillerislambers, J. & Levine, J.M. 2007. A niche for neutrality. Ecology Letters, 10:95-104.

• Vaja também material sobre a teoria moderna da coexistência, na seção sobre nicho e competição.

• Leibold. M.A. Spatial and Metacommunity Dynamics in Biodiversity. Cap. III.8, The Princeton Guide to Ecology.

• Warren, P.H. 1996. The effects of between-habitat dispersal rate on protist communities and metacommunities in microcosms at two spatial scales. Oecologia 105: 132–140.

• Venail, P.A. et al. 2008. Diversity and productivity peak at intermediate dispersal rate in evolving metacommunities. Nature 452: 210–215.

• Palestra 5 - Deriva e dispersão

• Leibold, M.A. et al. 2004. The metacommunity concept: a framework for multi-scale community ecology. Ecology Letters 7: 601–613.

• Leibold, M.A. 2011. The metacommunity concept and its theoretical underpinnings. In: Scheiner & Willig (Eds) Theory in Ecology.

• Holyoak, M., Leibold, M. A. & Holt, R. D. 2005. Metacommunities: spatial dynamics and ecological communities. University of Chicago Press. Google books. Disponível na biblioteca do IB-USP

• Logue, J. B., Mouquet, N., Peter, H. & Hillebrand, H. 2011. Empirical approaches to metacommunities: a review and comparison with theory. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 26(9). . Boa revisão dos principais conceitos e estudos empíricos.

• Hubert, N., Calcagno, V., Etienne, R.S. and Mouquet, N., 2015. Metacommunity speciation models and their implications for diversification theory. Ecology letters, 18(8), pp.864-881.

• Mouquet N. and Loreau, M. (2003). Community patterns in source-sink metacommunities. American Naturalist, 162: 544-557.

• Winegardner, A.K., Jones, B.K., Ng, I.S., Siqueira, T. and Cottenie, K., 2012. The terminology of metacommunity ecology. Trends Ecol Evol, 27: 253-254.

• Heino, J., Melo, A.S., Siqueira, T., Soininen, J., Valanko, S. and Bini, L.M., 2015. Metacommunity organisation, spatial extent and dispersal in aquatic systems: patterns, processes and prospects. Freshwater Biology, 60(5): 845-869.

• Amarasekare, P. 2000. The geometry of coexistence. Biol J Linnean Soc 71: 1-31.

• Chesson, P., 1998. Recruitment limitation: a theoretical perspective. Australian Journal of Ecology, 23(3): 234-240.

• Hanski, I. and Gilpin, M.E., 1997. Metapopulation biology. Academic Press.

• Hanski, I. and Gaggiotti, O.E., 2004. Ecology, genetics, and evolution of metapopulations. Academic Press.

• Skellam, J.G., 1951. Random dispersal in theoretical populations. Biometrika, 38(1/2), pp.196-218.

• Law, R., Murrell, D.J. and Dieckmann, U., 2003. Population growth in space and time: spatial logistic equations. Ecology, 84(1), pp.252-262.

• Maciel, G.A. and Lutscher, F., 2013. How individual movement response to habitat edges affects population persistence and spatial spread. The American Naturalist, 182(1), pp.42-52. Do físico brasileiro Gabriel Maciel, prêmio "Outstanding Ecological Theory Paper" da Ecological Society of America em seu centenário.

• Levins, R. 1969. Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 15: 237–240. Artigo em que propôs o seu modelo de dinâmica de metapopulações.
• Fond reminiscence of Richard Levins: testemunhos de cientistas influenciadas por Richard Levins, na comemoração de seus 85 anos.
• Obituário da Harvard School of Public Health
• The people's scientist, belo obituário que destaca o compromisso social de Richard Levins.

• Ricklefs, R. E. 1987. Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes. Science 235: 167-171.

• Tilman, D., 1997. Community invasibility, recruitment limitation, and grassland biodiversity. Ecology, 78: 81-92.

• Lessard, J. P., Borregaard, M. K., Fordyce, J. A., Rahbek, C., Weiser, M. D., Dunn, R. R., & Sanders, N. J. (2012). Strong influence of regional species pools on continent-wide structuring of local communities. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1727), 266-274.

processos_historicos_e_biogeograficos_2016.pdf

• Cornell H.V. 1985. Local and regional richness of Cynipine gall wasps on California oaks. Ecology 66: 1247-1260.

• Lawton, J.H., 1982. Vacant niches and unsaturated communities: a comparison of bracken herbivores at sites on two continents. The Journal of Animal Ecology, pp.573-595.

• Jenkins D.G. & Ricklefs, R.E. 2011. Biogeography and ecology: two views of one world. Special Issue do Phil Trans Royal Soc.

• Kingsland, S. 1995. Modeling nature-Episodes in the history of population ecology. The Chicago University Press, Chicago. Excelente história da teoria ecológica. Há um exemplar na biblioteca do IB. O último capítulo e posfácio abordam a retomada da história em uma ecologia dominada pelos modelos de dinâmica local.

• Ricklefs, R.E. & Schluter, D. 1993. Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

• Wiens, J.J. & Donoghue, M.J. 2004. Historical biogeography, ecology and species richness. TREE 19: 639-644.

• Wiens J.J. 2011. The niche, biogeography and species interactions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366: 2336-2350.

• Whittaker, R. H. (1972). Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon, 213-251.

• Loreau M. 2000. Are communities saturated? On the relationships between alpha, beta and gamma diversity. Ecology Letters 3: 73-76.

• Shurin, J.B. 2000. Dispersal limitation, invasion resistance, and the structure of pond zooplankton communities. Ecology 81: 3074–3086.

• Mittelbach G.G. et al. 2007. Evolution and the latitudinal diversity gradient: speciation, extinction and biogeography. Ecology Letters 10: 315–331.

• Harrison S. & Cornell H. 2008. Toward a better understanding of the regional causes of local community richness. Ecology Letters 11: 969–979.

• Ricklefs, R.E. 2008. Disintegration of the ecological community. The American Naturalist 172:741-750.
  • Brooker, R.W., Callaway, R.M., Cavieres, L., Kikvidze, Z., Lortie, C.J., Michalet, R., Pugnaire, F.I., et al. 2009. Don’t diss integration: a comment on Ricklefs's disintegrating communities. The American naturalist, 174(6), 919-27
  • Ricklefs, R.E. 2009. A Brief Response to Brooker et al.’s Comment. The American Naturalist, 174(6), 928-931.

• Wiens, J.J., Ackerly, D.D., Allen, A.P., Anacker, B.L., Buckley, L.B., Cornell, H.V., Damschen, E.I., Jonathan Davies, T., Grytnes, J.A., Harrison, S.P. and Hawkins, B.A., 2010. Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and conservation biology. Ecology letters, 13(10), pp.1310-1324. Do special issue:

• Biogeography and ecology: two views of one world, Special issue, Phil. Trans. Royal Soc, 2011.

• Lessard, J.-P., Belmaker, J., Myers, J. a, Chase, J. M., & Rahbek, C. (2012). Inferring local ecological processes amid species pool influences. Trends in ecology & evolution, 27(11), 600–7.

• Gonçalves-Souza, T. et al. 2013. A critical analysis of the ubiquity of linear local–regional richness relationships. Oikos 122: 961–966.

• Mittelbach, G. G., & Schemske, D. W. 2015.Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on community assembly. Trends in ecology & evolution, 30(5), 241-247.

• Hubert, N., Calcagno, V., Etienne, R.S. and Mouquet, N., 2015. Metacommunity speciation models and their implications for diversification theory. Ecology letters, 18(8), pp.864-881. Revisão de como evolução, dispersão e processos locais têm sido abordados pela vertente de metacomunidades.

• Wiens, J. J., Graham, C. H., Moen, D. S., Smith, S. A. & Reeder, T.W. 2006 Evolutionary and ecological causes of the latitudinal diversity gradient in hylid frogs: treefrog trees unearth the roots of high tropical diversity. Am. Nat. 168, 579–596.

• Wiens, J.J., Parra-Olea, G., García-París, M. and Wake, D.B., 2007. Phylogenetic history underlies elevational biodiversity patterns in tropical salamanders. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 274(1612), pp.919-928.

• Pärtel, M., 2002. Local plant diversity patterns and evolutionary history at the regional scale. Ecology, 83(9), pp.2361-2366.

• Vellend, M. 2010. Conceptual synthesis in community ecology. The Quaterly Review of Biology 85: 183-206.

• Lawton, J.H. 1999. Are there general laws in ecology? Oikos 84: 177-192
• Lawton, J.H., 1992. (Modest) advice for graduate students. Oikos, 65: 361-362.
• Simberloff, D. 2004. Community ecology: is it time to move on? The American Naturalist, 163: 787–799.
• El-Hani, C.N. 2006. Generalizações Ecológicas. Oecologia Australis 10 (1). Uma revisão abrangente e profunda sobre o estado da teoria em ecologia, feita por um biólogo com sólida formação em filosofia da ciência.
• Population dynamics from first principles. Capítulo 2 do livro Complex Population Dynamics, de Peter Turchin, Princeton Univ Press, 2003. Uma excelente síntese da lógica de construção de teoria a partir de primeiros pricípios, mais bem sucedida na Ecologia de Populações do que na Ecologia de Comunidades.
• Why do (some) ecologists have evolution envy?, post de Vellend sobre as consequências da sua proposta.
• How journals like Nature and Science are damaging science: uma crítica de Randy Schekman, pêmio Nobel de medicina.

• Hoekstra, T. W., Allen, T. F., & Flather, C. H. (1991). Implicit scaling in ecological research. Bioscience, 148-154.
• Vellend, M., Srivastava, D. S., Anderson, K. M., Brown, C. D., Jankowski, J. E., Kleynhans, E. J., … & Xue, X. (2014). Assessing the relative importance of neutral stochasticity in ecological communities. Oikos, 123(12), 1420-1430.

• Pardini, R., Rocha, P. L. B., El-Hani, C., Pardini, F. Challenges and opportunities for bridging the research-implementation gap in ecological science and management in Brazil. In: Conservation Biology: Voices from the Tropics (N.S. Sodhi, L. Gibson & P.H. Raven). Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 77-85. pdf
• Rigueira , D. M. G , Coutinho , S. L. , Pinto-Leite , C. M. , Sarno , V. L. C. , Estavillo , C. , Campos , S. , Dias , V. S. , de Barros , C. and Chastinet , A. ( 2013 ) Perda de hábitat, leis ambientais e conhecimento científico: proposta de critérios para a avaliação dos pedidos de supressão de vegetação . Revista Caititu , 1 , 21–42. doi: 10.7724/caititu.2013.v1.n1.d03

• Crítica de Richard Lewontin à ANOVA:
  • O Artigo original: Lewontin, R.C. 1974. The analysis of variance and the analysis of causes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 26: 400-411 (reprinted in Int J Epidemiol 35:520-525) .
  • Comentários do autor, 32 anos depois:
  • Comentários de outros autores, em seção especial sobre o artigo, no International Journal of Epidemiology.
  • Veja também o livro: Levins, R. & Lewontin, R.C. 1985. The Dialectical Biologist. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.

• Polis, G.A. 1991. Complex trophic interactions in deserts: an empirical critique of food web theory. Am. Nat. 138, 123–155.

• Polis, G.A. 1996. Food Web Complexity and Community Dynamics. The American Nuturalist: 147 :813-846.

• Obituários no NY Times e da Marshall University.

• Manly, B.F.J. 2007. Randomization, bootstrap and Monte Carlo methods in biology, third edition. Chapman & Hall/CRC.

• Cody,M.L. & Diamond, J.M. 1975 (Eds). Ecology and evolution of communities. Massachusetts, Belknap Press.

• Strong, D.R., Simberloff, D., Abele, L.G., Thistle, A.B. 1984 (Eds). Ecological communities: conceptual issues and the evidence. Princeton Univ. Press.

• Página na internet, com links para o pacote Ecosim, publicações, incluindo referência básica sobre modelos nulos (de onde veio a figura deste wiki):
  • Gotelli, N.J., and G.R. Graves. 1996. Null Models in Ecology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. pdf.

• Página na internet, com muitos links para artigos, programas, e muito mais, incluindo:

• RangeModel, programa para testar modelos nulos de distribuição geográfica de espécies.

• Lista extensiva de publicações sobre a hipótese do Mid-Domain Effect.

Nuvem de palavras dos títulos das leituras obrigatórias, feita com http://www.wordle.net.