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In food chains, a top predator have direct effects on the abundance of the species they prey on, but its presence might also result in others nonconsumptive predator effects (“NCEs”). For instance, intermediate consumers might change their foraging behaviour due to the risk of predation. The effect of predator presence thus propagates down the food-chain in many ways and basal resources might also change their behaviour as a consequence of the dynamic changes in higher trophic levels.

The green crab Carcinus maenas, is an example of a top predator which might provoke fear-induced behavioural changes in its prey, such as snails Nucella lapillus. The snails usually forage on barnacles (such as Semibalanus balanoides) and compete among themselves for the preys. The barnacles also compete among themselves for the resources and space, which can be highlighted for hummocking - the individuals change their geometry forming small mounts and growing taller, see in Figure 1.

<WRAP clear></WRAP> <WRAP third column left>Figure 1:The web built by X. beaveri on the pitcher of Nepenthes ampullaria.</WRAP> <WRAP clear></WRAP>

Experiments have been developed to assess the propagation of the nonconsumptive predator effects through food-chain and its interplay with intra-specific competition. Nevertheless, the complexity of the system indicates that a modelling approach might provide important insights on the dynamics. The joint effect of competition, predation and fear among snails and that of competition predation and indirect effects among barnacles might result in different scenarios, depending on the intensities and mechanism of each process.

Build a mathematical model that incorporates the dynamics of this biological system. Analyze the model and use it to formulate and answer questions you may find along the way.

• What kind of dynamics can be predicted by a mathematical model of this interaction? Does the model reproduce results found in experiment? If so, does this occur for all set of biologically reasonable parameters?

• By changing their behaviour, the snails favour a decrease in their mortality in face of an increased food intake. Does the model provide insights on this strategy ?

• Considering a scenario in which the experiment performed by Matassa et al. (2018) (see ref. below) allowed for consumptive predator effects from the C. maenas upon the N. lapillus, what qualitative changes on dynamics could be expected?

1. Matassa, C.M., Ewanchuk, P.J., Trussell, G.C., 2018. Cascading effects of a top predator on intraspecific competition at intermediate and basal trophic levels. Functional Ecology 32, 2241–2252. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13131