===== Adaptation and the concept of fitness =====

Lecture [[https://www.dropbox.com/s/bhasavpr9m4mufv/Lecture1v4.pdf]]

=== Further reading ===

Calcagno V., Mouquet N., Jarne P. & David P. (2006). Coexistence in a metacommunity: the competition-colonization trade-off is not dead. Ecol Lett, 9, 897-907. [[http://nicolasmouquet.free.fr/publications/Calcagno%20et%20al%202006a%20Eco%20Lett.pdf]]

Caswell H. (2001). Matrix Population Models: Construction, Analysis, and Interpretation, Second edition. 2nd edn. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, Massachussets.

Charlesworth B. (1994). Evolution in age-structured populations, Second edition. 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

de Meeus T., Michalakis Y., Renaud F. & Olivieri I. (1993). Polymorphism in heterogeneous environments, evolution of habitat selection and sympatric speciation: soft and hard selection models. Evol Ecol, 7, 175-198. [[http://www.mivegec.ird.fr/SiteSGASS/SiteTDM/Publications/EvolEcol93.pdf]]

Débarre F. & Gandon S. (2011). Evolution in heterogeneous environments: between soft and hard selection. Am Nat, 177, E84-E97. [[http://www.normalesup.org/~fdebarre/papers/Debarre-Gandon_2011_amnat.pdf]]

Dempster E.R. (1955). Maintenance of genetic heterogeneity. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol, 20, 25-32.
 [[http://symposium.cshlp.org/content/20/25.full.pdf]]

Diekmann O., Heesterbeek J.A.P. & Metz J.A.J. (1990). On the definition and the computation of the basic reproduction ratio R0 in models for infectious diseases in heterogeneous populations. J Math Biol, 28, 365-382. [[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00178324]]

Grafen A. (1999). Formal Darwinism, the individual-as-maximizing-agent analogy and bet-hedging. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 266, 799-803. [[http://users.ox.ac.uk/~grafen/cv/FormDarw.pdf]]

Hastings A. (1980). Disturbance, coexistence, history, and competition for space. Theor Popul Biol, 18, 363-373.
 [[http://ecologia.ib.usp.br/ecopop/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=roteiro:hastings_80_theorpopbiol.pdf]]

Levene H. (1953). Genetic equilibrium when more than one ecological niche is available. Am Nat, 87, 331-333.[[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2458548.pdf]]

Massol F. (2013). A framework to compare theoretical predictions on trait evolution in temporally varying environments under different life cycles. Ecol Complex, 16, 9-19. [[http://tinyurl.com/movywyl]]

Maynard Smith J. (1989). Evolutionary Genetics. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Ravigné V., Olivieri I. & Dieckmann U. (2004). Implications of habitat choice for protected polymorphisms. Evol Ecol Res, 6, 125-145. [[http://user.iiasa.ac.at/~dieckman/reprints/RavigneEtal2004.pdf]]

Reeve H.K. & Sherman P.W. (1993). Adaptation and the goals of evolutionary research. Q Rev Biol, 132. [[http://www.ugr.es/~jmgreyes/Reeve.pdf]]

Roughgarden J. (1979). Theory of Population Genetics and Evolutionary Ecology: an Introduction. MacMillan publishing Co., Inc.

Tilman D. (1994). Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured habitats. Ecology, 75, 2-16.
 [[http://www.cbs.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/downloads/t1180.pdf]]

Wallace B. (1975). Hard and soft selection revisited. Evolution, 29, 465-473. [[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2407259.pdf]]