====== Alternative States - additional resources ======

===== Lecture =====

  * [[https://youtu.be/nycSD4mUahY|Video]]
  * [[http://www.ictp-saifr.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/lecture_6_19.pdf|Handouts]]
===== Read More =====
===Foundations===
  * Lewontin, RC. 1969. The meaning of stability. Brookhaven Symp Biol 22:13–23.
  * Holling C.S. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4: 1-23.
  * May, R.M. 1977. Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states. //Nature// 269: 471-477.
  * Scheffer, M. 2009. Critical Transitions in Nature and Society. Princeton Univ. Press.
  
==Key topics and Study Cases==
  * Grimm, V. & Wissel, C. 1997. Babel, or the ecological stability discussions: an inventory and analysis of terminology and a guide for avoiding confusion. //Oecologia// 109: 323–334.
  * Scheffer, M., Bascompte, J., Brock, W. A., Brovkin, V., Carpenter, S. R., Dakos, V., ... & Sugihara, G. (2009). Early-warning signals for critical transitions. Nature, 461(7260), 53-59.
  * Hastings, A., Abbott, K.C., Cuddington, K., Francis, T., Gellner, G., Lai, Y.C., Morozov, A., Petrovskii, S., Scranton, K. and Zeeman, M.L., 2018. Transient phenomena in ecology. Science, 361(6406): eaat6412.
  * M. Scheffer and S.R. Carpenter: Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory and observation. http://eaton.math.rpi.edu/csums/papers/Ecostability/scheffercatastrophe.pdf
  * C. A. Klausmeier: Regular and Irregular Patterns in Semiarid Vegetation. http://preston.kbs.msu.edu/reprints/files/klausmeier%201999.pdf
  * J.A. Sherratt: An Analysis of Vegetation Stripe Formation in Semi-Arid Landscapes. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00285-005-0319-5
  * S.R. Carpenter et alli: Early Warnings of Regime Shifts: A Whole-Ecosystem Experiment. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/332/6033/1079.full.html OR http://faculty.virginia.edu/pace/documents/Publications/Carpeneter%20et%20al.%20Squeal_ScienceExpress_2011.pdf 
  * Schröder, A. et al. 2005. Direct experimental evidence for alternative stable states: a review. //Oikos// 110: 3-19.
  * Dai, L., Vorselen, D., Korolev, K. S., & Gore, J. (2012). Generic indicators for loss of resilience before a tipping point leading to population collapse. Science, 336(6085), 1175-1177.
  * Rietkerk, M., Dekker, S. C., de Ruiter, P. C., & van de Koppel, J. (2004). Self-organized patchiness and catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Science, 305(5692), 1926-1929.
  * van de Leemput, I. A., van Nes, E. H., & Scheffer, M. (2015). Resilience of alternative states in spatially extended ecosystems. PloS one, 10(2), e0116859.
  * Coutinho, R. M., Kraenkel, R. A., & Prado, P. I. (2015). Catastrophic regime shift in water reservoirs and São Paulo water supply crisis. PloS one, 10(9), e0138278.

==Resources==
  * [[http://www.early-warning-signals.org/|Early warnings toolbox]]
  * [[http://www.sparcs-center.org/|SPARCS]] The Synergy Program for Analysing Resilience and Critical transitions.
  * [[https://www.regimeshifts.org|Regime shifts database]] : //"The Regime Shifts DataBase provides examples of different types of regime shifts that have been documented in social-ecological systems. The database focuses specifically on regime shifts that have large impacts on ecosystem services, and therefore on human well-being."//